स्पेकुलर इसके अंग्रेजी अर्थ का उदाहरण

Island Records albums Gloss is an optical property which indicates how well a surface reflects light in a specular (mirror-like) direction.

Apparent gloss depends on the amount of specular reflection – light reflected from the surface in an equal amount and the symmetrical angle to the one of incoming light – in comparison with diffuse reflection – the amount of light scattered into other directions.

Variations in surface texture directly influence the level of specular reflection.

highly polished or containing coatings with finely dispersed pigments, appear shiny to the eye due to a large amount of light being reflected in a specular direction whilst rough surfaces reflect no specular light as the light is scattered in other directions and therefore appears dull.

The Fresnel formula gives the specular reflectance, R_s , for an unpolarized light of intensity I_0 , at angle of incidence i , giving the intensity of specularly reflected beam of intensity I_r , while the refractive index of the surface specimen is m .

Surface roughness in micrometer range influences the specular reflectance levels.

Low intensity of specularly reflected light means the surface is rough and it scatters the light in other directions.

By quantitatively measuring gloss using instrumentation Ingersoll based his research around the theory that light is polarised in specular reflection whereas diffusely reflected light is non-polarized.

The Ingersoll “glarimeter” had a specular geometry with incident and viewing angles at 57.

Using this configuration gloss was measured using a contrast method which subtracted the specular component from the total reflectance using a polarizing filter.

Pfund, suggested that although specular shininess is the basic (objective) evidence of gloss, actual surface glossy appearance (subjective) relates to the contrast between specular shininess and the diffuse light of the surrounding surface area (now called “contrast gloss” or “luster”).

If black and white surfaces of the same shininess are visually compared, the black surface will always appear glossier because of the greater contrast between the specular highlight and the black surroundings as compared to that with white surface and surroundings.

The following diagrams show the relationships between an incident beam of light, I, a specularly reflected beam, S, a diffusely reflected beam, D and a near-specularly reflected beam, B.