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Wake Island Samuel Wendell Williston (July 10, 1851 – August 30, 1918) was an American educator, entomologist, and paleontologist who was the first to propose that birds developed flight cursorially (by running), rather than arboreally (by leaping from tree to tree).

The stocky and short hindlimb ratio of Achillobator indicates that it was not cursorial—an animal adapted for speed or to maintain high speeds—moreover, the robust morphology of the maxilla suggests a predatory behavior based on large-sized prey.

In 2016, Scott Persons IV and Currie examined the limb proportion of numerous theropods and found that compsognathids, troodontids and tyrannosauroids were cursorial animals with many taxa recovered with relatively high CLP (cursorial-limb-proportion) scores.

21st-century American male actors A cursorial organism is one that is adapted specifically to run.

An animal can be considered cursorial if it has the ability to run fast (e.

There is much debate over how to define a cursorial animal specifically.

The most accepted definitions include that a cursorial organism could be considered adapted to long-distance running at high speeds or has the ability to accelerate quickly over short distances.

Among vertebrates, animals under 1"nbsp;kg of mass are rarely considered cursorial, and cursorial behaviors and morphology is thought to only occur at relatively large body masses in mammals.

Some species of spiders are also considered cursorial, as they walk much of the day, looking for prey.

Adaptations for cursorial locomotion in terrestrial vertebrates include:.

All ungulates are considered cursorial based on these criteria, but in fact there are some ungulates that do not habitually run.

Some cursorial mammals have a reduced or absent clavicle, which allows the scapula to slide forward across the ribcage.

Furthermore, limbs in cursorially adapted mammals will tend to stay in the dorso-ventral (or sagittal) plane to increase stability when moving forward at high speeds, but this hinders the amount of lateral flexibility that limbs can have.